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Layering Clothes

A Complete Guide to Layering Clothes for Cold Weather

When travelling to cold destinations, staying warm is essential. Layering clothes is the best way to regulate your body temperature and stay comfortable. In this guide, we’ll explore the three main layers: the base, middle, and outer layers. We’ll explain their functions, provide examples, and offer tips for choosing the right clothing.

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Table of Contents

A Complete Guide to Laying Clothes for Cold Weather

What Is Layering?

Layering is the practice of wearing a number of pieces of clothing on top of each other to manage body temperature and stay comfortable in different weather conditions. Each layer has a specific purpose:

  • The base layer keeps you dry.
  • The mid-layer keeps you warm.
  • The outer layer protects you from the elements like wind, rain, or snow.

Together, they create an effective system that can be adjusted as the weather changes throughout the day.

Selfie in Tromso
We definitely needed to layer our clothes in Tromso, Norway in winter.
Lisa - The Middle Age Wanderer
Sunset overlooking a glacier in Iceland with a waterproof outer layer.

Why Layering Matters

Layering is important for several reasons:

  • Temperature Control: Layering allows you to add or remove clothes to adapt to changing temperatures. If it’s too warm, you can remove a layer. If it gets colder, you can put one back on.
  • Moisture Management: In winter, you might not think about sweating, but it happens, especially if you’re active. A good layering system helps wick moisture away from your skin, keeping you dry and warm.
  • Versatility: With the proper layers, you can be prepared for a wide range of conditions. You can mix and match your layers to suit anything from a chilly morning walk to a day on the ski slopes.
  • Comfort: Layering isn’t just about staying warm, it’s about staying comfortable. Each layer should fit well and work with the others to ensure you’re not restricted or uncomfortable. This comfort allows you to move freely and enjoy your outdoor activities without feeling constrained.

Now, let’s break down the three main layers and how to choose the right clothing for each.

Snow Mobile
Layering is vital in freezing climates. Here we were given an extra layer by our guide.

The Three Main Layers

1. Base Layer: Moisture Management

Purpose

The base layer is the foundation of your layering system. Its main job is to manage moisture by wicking sweat away from your skin. This helps keep you dry, which is essential for staying warm because wet skin loses heat rapidly.

What to Look For in an Base Layer
  • Materials: Choose a fabric that wicks moisture well. The most common materials for base layers are:
    • Merino Wool: Naturally wicks moisture, resists odours, and provides insulation even when wet. It’s soft and comfortable against the skin. It’s a bit more expensive but worth it for cold conditions.
    • Synthetic Fabrics: Polyester or nylon blends are lightweight and quick-drying. They are less expensive than wool and are also effective at moisture management. However, it may not be as warm as wool and can retain odours.
  • Fit: The base layer should fit snugly against your skin without being too tight. A close fit allows it to effectively wick moisture away.
  • Weight: Base layers come in different weights:
    • Lightweight: Best for high-intensity activities or milder weather.
    • Midweight: Ideal for moderate activity in colder conditions.
    • Heavyweight: Suited for very cold weather or low activity levels.
Examples
  • Tops: Long-sleeve thermal shirts or lightweight turtlenecks.
  • Bottoms: Thermal leggings or base layer pants.
Tips
  • Top and Bottom: Remember that your legs need a base layer, too. Thermal leggings or long johns made from the same material as your top are essential in cold weather.
  • Avoid Cotton: Cotton absorbs moisture and holds it, making you feel cold and damp. Always choose materials that are designed for moisture management.
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2. Middle Layer: Insulation

Purpose

When layering clothes, the middle layer provides insulation by trapping body heat. It also acts as a barrier against the cold by trapping air close to the skin, which causes the body to heat up. This layer is crucial in maintaining warmth.

What to Look For in a Middle Layer
  • Materials: Insulation is key here, so choose materials that are good at trapping heat:
    • Fleece: Lightweight, breathable, and quick drying. It is effective at trapping heat. Fleece comes in different thicknesses, from lightweight microfleece to thick, heavy fleece.
    • Down: Made from duck or goose feathers, down is highly efficient at insulation and very lightweight. However, it loses insulation when wet unless treated to be water-resistant. I have never and will never own a down coat. I wear the synthetic options. The reason is the methods used to obtain down. The National Audubon Society states: “Farmers usually harvest goose down after the birds are slaughtered for meat, and most geese are killed about 15 weeks after hatching. But farmers may also pluck the feathers when geese are still alive, a painful process akin to someone ripping out human hair, animal welfare and advocacy groups say.”
    • Synthetic Insulation: It mimics down and offers warmth similar to down. It’s more versatile in wet conditions.
    • Wool: Merino wool can also be used as a mid-layer, providing warmth and breathability.
  • Fit: The mid layer should be slightly looser than your base layer but not too baggy. You want to trap warm air without restricting movement or creating bulk.
  • Weight: Like base layers, mid layers come in different weights depending on how much warmth you need:
  • Lightweight Fleece: Good for high activity levels or mild winter days.
  • Heavyweight Fleece: Ideal for very cold conditions or low-activity levels.
Examples
  • Tops: Fleece jackets, down vests, or synthetic insulated jackets.
  • Bottoms: Fleece pants or insulated trousers.
Tips
  • Consider the activity level: more active means lighter insulation.
  • The layer should be able to be easily removed if you start to overheat.
  • You might wear multiple mid-layers in extremely cold conditions, like a fleece jacket over a wool sweater. Just ensure they’re comfortable and not too bulky.
  • Consider a vest if you need extra warmth but want to keep your arms free. It adds core warmth without restricting arm movement.
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3. Outer Layer: Weather Protection

Purpose

The outer or shell layer shields against wind, rain, and snow. It’s crucial for preventing the elements from penetrating the other layers while allowing moisture from your body to escape.

What to Look For in an Outer Layer
  • Materials: The outer layer should be made from a waterproof or water-resistant, breathable fabric. Common materials include:
    • Gore-Tex: Waterproof and windproof, yet breathable, making it ideal for harsh weather conditions.
    • Nylon or Polyester Shells: Often treated for water resistance and windproofing, making them lightweight and packable.
    • Hardshells: These are made from materials that offer the highest protection against wind and water. They’re often used in extreme conditions.
    • Softshells: More breathable than hard shells and offer good wind protection. They’re often water-resistant rather than fully waterproof and are great for active pursuits in cold, dry conditions.
  • Fit: Your outer layer should be roomy enough to fit over your base and mid-layers comfortably but not so loose that it flaps in the wind. It should also allow a full range of motion.
  • Features: Look for practical features like:
    • Adjustable Hoods: To keep your head warm and dry.
    • Ventilation Zippers: Underarm zips or mesh-lined pockets help with ventilation, allowing you to release heat without removing layers.
    • Sealed Seams: Ensure no water gets through the stitching.
    • Pockets: Handy for storing small items like gloves or a hat.
Examples
  • Jackets: Hardshell jackets are for heavy rain, and softshell jackets are for lighter rain and have more breathability.
  • Pants: Waterproof or water-resistant pants.
Tips
  • Layering Compatibility: Make sure your outer layer is large enough to accommodate your other layers. You should be able to move freely without feeling restricted.
  • Packability: If you’re not sure about the weather, choose an outer layer that’s lightweight and packable. This way, you can easily carry it in a backpack until you need it.
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Layering Clothes Tips for Different Activities

Hiking and Backpacking

  • Base Layer: Lightweight merino wool or synthetic shirt and leggings.
  • Middle Layer: Fleece jacket or vest for easy temperature control.
  • Outer Layer: Waterproof jacket with ventilation features.

Skiing and Snowboarding

  • Base Layer: Thermal shirt and leggings that fit snugly.
  • Middle Layer: Insulated ski jacket or fleece.
  • Outer Layer: Waterproof and windproof ski pants and jacket.

Everyday City Exploration

  • Base Layer: Merino wool shirt for warmth without bulk.
  • Middle Layer: Stylish sweater or light insulated jacket.
  • Outer Layer: Fashionable coat with weather-resistant properties.

Additional Layering Considerations

Accessories

  • Hats: Wool or fleece beanies keep the head warm, a crucial area for heat retention.
  • Gloves: Waterproof and insulated gloves protect hands from cold and moisture.
  • Scarves: Provide additional neck warmth and protection against wind.
  • Socks: Wool or synthetic blends offer warmth and wick moisture from feet.

Footwear

  • Boots: Insulated and waterproof boots keep feet warm and dry.
  • Gaiters: Optional for deep snow, they prevent snow from entering boots.
Getting wet at Oxararfoss Waterfall in Iceland
Enjoying the Christmas Market in Oslo.

Additional Layering Clothes Tips

  • Don’t Overdress: It’s easy to think more layers are better, but overdressing can make you sweat, which can then make you cold. Find the right balance by adding or removing layers as needed.
  • Consider Your Activity Level: If you’re going to be highly active, like skiing or hiking, opt for lighter layers that breathe well. Choose heavier, warmer layers for lower activity levels, like walking or standing outside.
  • Accessorise Wisely: Remember accessories like hats, gloves, and scarves. These can make a huge difference in your overall warmth. Wool or synthetic materials are great choices.
  • Layering for Your Feet: Wear moisture-wicking socks as your base layer for feet, with thicker, insulating socks over them. In extreme cold, consider using foot warmers.
  • Care for Your Layers: Proper care extends the life of your clothes. Follow the washing instructions, especially for delicate materials like down or wool. Consider re-treating your outer layer with a water-repellent spray to maintain its effectiveness.

Layering Mistakes to Avoid

  • Skipping the Base Layer: Never underestimate its importance in moisture management.
  • Overlayering: Too many layers can lead to overheating and excessive sweating.
  • Ignoring Fit: Layers should fit comfortably and allow for movement without being too tight.
  • Forgetting Accessories: Small items like hats and gloves make a big difference in overall warmth.

Conclusion

Effectively layering clothes is key to staying warm and comfortable in cold weather. By understanding the purpose and examples of each layer, you can create a system that suits your needs and activities. Whether you’re hiking in the mountains or exploring a winter city, the right layers will ensure you enjoy your adventure without worrying about the cold.

Remember, the best way to find the perfect layering system is through experience and adjusting based on your personal comfort and activity level. Stay warm and enjoy your travels!

Picture of About the Author: Lisa Bundesen

About the Author: Lisa Bundesen

Hi, I’m Lisa, a retired chartered accountant. My husband, Darren, and I explore the world as much as possible. Staying fit is key to our adventures, from hiking the Inca Trail to scuba diving. We call Australia home but travel overseas often, always eager to discover new cultures, bustling cities, cuisines, nature and wildlife.

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A Complete Guide to Laying Clothes for Cold Weather
A Complete Guide to Laying Clothes for Cold Weather
A Complete Guide to Laying Clothes for Cold Weather

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12 Responses

    1. Thanks Elena. Coming from Australia, we aren’t used to the cold but I do love spending time in cold climates.

      Reply

  2. As you suggest, accessories like hats and gloves can make all the difference to a fun day out in the cold.

    Reply

    1. Agree Sonia. I never go out in cold climates without a beanie and gloves. If my head and hands are warm, I feel so much better.

      Reply

  3. As Canadians, we learn about layering clothes in the winter from a young age. But with changing clothes fabrics and approaches, it is good to keep refreshing our ideas. And I must admit that “comfort” is a much bigger consideration as we age. Some great tips for people not used to layering for warmth and comfort.

    Reply

    1. Totally agree about comfort Linda. It’s my number one priority when looking for winter clothes.

      Reply

  4. Excellent account. I particularly agree with your last two points –
    Ignoring Fit: Layers should fit comfortably and allow for movement without being too tight – if you’re short, like me, it’s often hard to find stuff that fits properly, so you end up with what seems like the best available, but it doesn’t always do the job.
    Forgetting Accessories: Small items like hats and gloves make a big difference in overall warmth – gloves are a particular problem for small hands. I often use fingerless gloves with a pull-over mitten that covers and keeps the fingers warm while letting you use the fingers with a minimal loss of heat when necessary.

    Reply

    1. I love the fingerless mitten gloves too Annie. I discovered them for the first time in Iceland and bought a pair. They go on every cold trip I do now. They are great for when using cameras.

      Reply

    2. Oh I love those pullover mittens too. It’s the only way to conveniently use a smartphone in the cold without having to take off the glove.

      Reply

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